為了(le)生產優質鋼桿(gan)，世界各國基(ji)本上都已采用(yong)(yong)連鑄(zhu)連軋的熱加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝以(yi)生產韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(ETP銅(tong)(tong)(tong)) 桿(gan)，或用(yong)(yong)浸涂法和上引法等(deng)工(gong)(gong)藝以(yi)生產無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(HCOF銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，簡(jian)稱OF銅(tong)(tong)(tong))桿(gan)。這兩大類新工(gong)(gong)藝所(suo)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong) 桿(gan)的質量基(ji)本相同。無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)工(gong)(gong)藝似乎簡(jian)單一些，但耗費電能(neng)較多，并(bing)要用(yong)(yong)較高(gao)品位的電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

　　從本世紀(ji)50年代(dai)起，人們為(wei)了消(xiao)除(chu)上(shang)節所述的(de)銅桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質最不佳和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)嚴重(zhong)浪費(fei)等缺(que)陷，己在醞(yun)釀銅桿(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝的(de)徹底改(gai)革(ge)，至80年代(dai)，改(gai)革(ge)已經(jing)基本完成(cheng)。改(gai)革(ge)向(xiang)(xiang)兩個方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)進行，一(yi)個方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)仍(reng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)韌點銅(含氧(yang)最250 -500ppm)，但用(yong)(yong)豎爐連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)熔銅，嚴格控制爐氣(qi)氣(qi)氛以調(diao)整鋼(gang)液(ye)含氧(yang)最，用(yong)(yong)銅鑄(zhu)輪或(huo)(huo)鋼(gang)履帶等垂直或(huo)(huo)傾斜式連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)鑄(zhu)錠(ding)(ding)，以防止(zhi)銅錠(ding)(ding)中產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)富氧(yang)層(ceng)及(ji)氣(qi)泡層(ceng)，用(yong)(yong)軋件無扭轉的(de)三角孔型(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓一(yi)橢圓孔型(xing)(xing)系將(jiang)1300-6000mm(或(huo)(huo)更大)的(de)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)銅錠(ding)(ding)連(lian)(lian)軋成(cheng)小8mm銅桿(gan)，最后(hou)，經(jing)用(yong)(yong)酒精連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)還(huan)原(yuan)表面氧(yang)化(hua)層(ceng)或(huo)(huo)其(qi)它連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)酸洗方(fang)(fang)法(fa)制成(cheng)光亮銅桿(gan)。這種類型(xing)(xing)的(de)韌點銅桿(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線(xian)小時產(chan)(chan)量(liang)6-36t。

　　第二個(ge)方向是用較高品(pin)位的電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(如含(han)(han)銅(tong)(tong)量99.97%以(yi)上)，在保(bao)護氣氛下(xia)進行連續熔化、鑄桿(錠)、軋(ya)桿而制(zhi)成φ8mm的無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，含(han)(han)氧最20ppm以(yi)下(xia)，每條(tiao)生(sheng)產線小時生(sheng)產能力1-10t。

　　至(zhi)80年(nian)代初(chu)，銅桿連續生產工藝(yi)改革已(yi)經(jing)(jing)完成且日臻完善。當(dang)時，國外已(yi)建成連續生產線100余條，小時生產能力(li)共約(yue)1700t，如以年(nian)生產4000小時，開(kai)工率75%估(gu)算，則可年(nian)產銅桿510萬t。從國際上看，質量差、成本高的傳統銅桿生產工藝(yi)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)被(bei)淘(tao)汰，我國也應(ying)急起直追，迅速(su)完成銅桿新工藝(yi)的改造(zao)。

　　在詳細介紹各(ge)種銅桿(gan)(gan)連(lian)續(xu)生(sheng)產工藝以前，先對銅桿(gan)(gan)含氧量(liang)及(ji)其(qi)特(te)性(xing)的認識(shi)子以統一(yi)。

　　(1)近(jin)年在(zai)引進(jin)銅(tong)(tong)桿生產新工藝中，受到(dao)外商種(zhong)種(zhong)不科學(xue)推銷宣傳(chuan)的影響，有(you)人把銅(tong)(tong)桿分成韌點(dian)銅(tong)(tong)(ETP)、低氧銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧銅(tong)(tong)三類。

　　舊法(傳(chuan)統(tong)方法:橫鑄(zhu)(zhu)錠(ding)、再熱、回(hui)線(xian)(xian)式(shi)軋(ya)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan))銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)300-500ppm之間，且這(zhe)(zhe)部分(fen)(fen)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)只分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)90%的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錠(ding)截面內(nei)，其它(ta)的(de)(de)10%富(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)層(ceng)，厚度在(zai)(zai)10^-12mm左(zuo)右，其中還吸(xi)收著同(tong)樣多(duo)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)分(fen)(fen)。當我們(men)(men)規定(傳(chuan)統(tong)規定)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錠(ding)底(di)部的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)300^-500ppm時(shi)，實際(ji)上(shang)(shang)包括富(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)平均含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)是0.06^0.10%,富(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)層(ceng)的(de)(de)危(wei)害性(xing)盡人皆知，用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)類傳(chuan)統(tong)錠(ding)除非刨面才能軋(ya)成(cheng)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)300-r500ppm的(de)(de)韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(ETP)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，要(yao)做ETP桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)用(yong)立澆(jiao)切頭的(de)(de)無富(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)層(ceng)錠(ding)或(huo)(huo)半連續(xu)(xu)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)錠(ding)固(gu)然可以，但澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)速度慢，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)低(di)而(er)且消耗也(ye)(ye)大(da)。從半連續(xu)(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)這(zhe)(zhe)個實踐(jian)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)文發展了有(you)轉動(dong)或(huo)(huo)移動(dong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)模(mo)的(de)(de)連續(xu)(xu)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)，給可rP鋼桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)全部連續(xu)(xu)化(hua)創造(zao)了條件。ETP銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錠(ding)連續(xu)(xu)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)當前(qian)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi):Properzi的(de)(de)雙(shuang)輪(lun)式(shi)，SCR的(de)(de)五輪(lun)式(shi)及(ji)克虜伯Hazclett雙(shuang)鋼帶式(shi)。它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)共(gong)同(tong)特點是連續(xu)(xu)地(di)傾斜或(huo)(huo)垂直(zhi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)，鑄(zhu)(zhu)錠(ding)不會產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)富(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)層(ceng)和集結的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)泡層(ceng)。錠(ding)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)好，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)率(lv)(lv)也(ye)(ye)高。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)連續(xu)(xu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出(chu)來的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)250.500ppm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)仍應當是韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(Electri-cal Tough Piteh Rod)，它(ta)們(men)(men)不是含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)100-25Oppm的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。國際(ji)上(shang)(shang)不論采(cai)用(yong)新法或(huo)(huo)舊法，都不制(zhi)作此種(zhong)所謂“低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)”，更沒有(you)“大(da)量(liang)(liang)用(yong)于電(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)纜生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)”。因為(wei)，即使用(yong)99.95%的(de)(de)一號電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)原料，還原到100-r200ppm含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)，如不在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護氣(qi)(qi)氛下，將(jiang)吸(xi)收大(da)量(liang)(liang)氫氣(qi)(qi)造(zao)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)泡嚴重、導電(dian)率(lv)(lv)下降(jiang)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錠(ding)。

　　根(gen)據以上分析(xi)，我們必須改正所謂“連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋低氧(yang)銅(tong)”的(de)錯(cuo)誤概念和(he)叫法(fa)，而代之以連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋韌(ren)點(dian)銅(tong)或(huo)簡稱韌(ren)點(dian)銅(tong)(ETP銅(tong))，其含氧(yang)量應為250-500ppm，其電氣和(he)機械物理(li)特(te)性幾乎和(he)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(HCOF銅(tong))不相上下(xia)。傳統工藝的(de)韌(ren)點(dian)銅(tong)桿(gan)已經或(huo)正在被迅速淘汰，故韌(ren)點(dian)銅(tong)(ETP)桿(gan)的(de)名(ming)稱由現代工藝連(lian)(lian)續生產(chan)的(de)韌(ren)點(dian)銅(tong)桿(gan)來承繼是合(he)乎道理(li)及(ji)合(he)乎國際習慣的(de)。

　　(2)無氧銅桿一般含氧量在20ppm以下，要用較高品位的電解銅為原料(含銅量99.97%或”.98%)才能得到與ETP銅桿相同或略高的導電率，如101.5%或102.0%IACS。無氧銅桿生產工藝有浸涂法和上引法二種，主要是以前者為代表，后者在國際范圍內并沒有得到大量推廣，其總生產能力僅占無氧銅桿生產總能力的16%，占連鑄連軋銅桿總生產能力的1.35%。
　　電(dian)氣用無氧銅一般叫做(zuo)高(gao)導電(dian)無氧銅，即HCOF銅(也有(you)用磷脫氧的(de)無氧銅，導電(dian)率很低(di)，不能做(zuo)電(dian)銅桿用)，簡(jian)稱無氧銅。